Salto con sentadilla como ayuda ergogénica a través de la potenciación post-activación en el rendimiento de saltos horizontales y verticales de estudiantes universitarios no entrenados
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Este estudio aborda las brechas de investigación al examinar los efectos de la potenciación postactivación (PAP) en estudiantes universitarios no entrenados mediante diversos ejercicios pliométricos. Evalúa la eficacia de las sentadillas con salto como ayuda ergogénica fisiológica, comparando sentadillas con salto usando el peso corporal y con carga externa (10% de la masa corporal) en el rendimiento de saltos horizontales y verticales, en variaciones unilaterales y bilaterales. El estudio incluyó a 76 estudiantes universitarios no entrenados (24 mujeres, 52 hombres) seleccionados mediante muestreo intencional, utilizando un diseño cuasi-experimental. Se midió el rendimiento mediante pruebas de salto vertical, salto vertical con una pierna, salto de longitud y salto de longitud con una pierna, antes y después de las intervenciones. Los participantes se dividieron en tres grupos: el Grupo 1 (6 mujeres, 12 hombres) sirvió como control sin protocolo PAP; el Grupo 2 (10 mujeres, 15 hombres) realizó 5x3 sentadillas con salto usando el peso corporal, y el Grupo 3 (8 mujeres, 18 hombres) realizó 5x3 sentadillas con salto con una carga externa del 10%. Los datos se analizaron mediante pruebas t pareadas y ANOVA. Los resultados mostraron que el Grupo 1 mejoró únicamente en el salto vertical bilateral (pretest: 50.48±11.57 cm, postest: 53.84±11.52 cm, t = 2.25, p < .05). El Grupo 2 no mostró mejoras significativas en los saltos verticales ni horizontales. El Grupo 3 mejoró en el salto vertical bilateral (pretest: 53.81±15.41 cm, postest: 59.12±15.03 cm, t = 4.12, p = .00). No se observaron mejoras significativas en los saltos horizontales en ningún grupo, y las diferencias entre los grupos no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Los hallazgos sugieren efectos limitados de la PAP en el rendimiento horizontal y enfatizan la necesidad de patrones de ejercicio que coincidan con habilidades específicas de condición física o deportes para mejorar el rendimiento vertical. Se recomienda replicar el estudio para validación, refinar los procedimientos de recopilación de datos, explorar otros protocolos PAP e identificar cargas externas óptimas para maximizar los efectos de potenciación.
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