Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms and Self-concept in Men Cyclists
Main Article Content
Abstract
Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is a mental disorder characterized by the underestimation of corporal shape and size. It hasn´t been studied in cyclists, because this disorder is represented by a muscular body as bodybuilders which principal aim is weightlifting. The objetive this work was detect MD symptoms. The method in this investigation were administered the Scale of Muscular Satisfaction to 20 cyclist men, the Questionnaire of Physical Self-concept, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, beside the anthropometric measures of the participants.The results showed that corporal dissatisfaction exists in relationship with his muscular perception doesn´t correspond with the reality. His physical self-concept related is poor on his general self-concept as well as these two variables to those of physical attraction and physical condition. To conclude, in this study is verified that don´t exist MD symptoms but there are an erroneous perception of his physical appearance and certain dissatisfaction in relation to the some one.
Keywords:
Downloads
Article Details
References
American Psychiatric Association (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5). (5ª Ed.). Arlington, VA, Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría.
Arbinaga, F. (2005). Varones noveles en el entrenamiento de musculación: un estudio piloto sobre ansiedad física social. Kronos, 7, 33-11.
Fox, K., y Corbin, C. (1989). The physical self and processes in self-steem development. In Fox (Ed.), The physical self. From motivation to well-being. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
González-Martí, I. (2012). Elementos que integran el perfil de la persona afectada por Dismorfia Muscular (Vigorexia). Prevalencia del trastorno en fisicoculturistas y usuarios de la sala de musculación (Tesis doctoral inédita). Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca.
González-Martí, I., Fernández, J. G., y Contreras, O. R. (2012). Contribución para el criterio diagnóstico de la Dismorfia Muscular (Vigorexia). Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 21(2), 351-358.
González-Martí, I., Fernández, J. G., Contreras, O. R., y Mayville, S. B. (2012). Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: Escala de Satisfacción Muscular. Body Image, 9, 517-523. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.05.002
González-Martí, I., Fernández, J. G., Hernández-Martínez, A., y Contreras, O. R. (2014). Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17(43), 1-7.
Goñi, A., Ruíz de Azúa, S., y Liberal, A. (2004). El autoconcepto físico y su medida. Las propiedades psicométricas de un nuevo cuestionario. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 13(2), 195-213. Recuperado de: http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/revpsidep/19885636v13n2p195.pdf
Grammas, D. L., y Schwartz, J. P. (2009). Internalization of messages from society and perfectionism as predictor of male body image. Body Image, 6, 31-36. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.10.002
Gruber, A. J., Pope, H. G., Borowiecki, J., y Cohane, G. (1999). The development of the Somatomorphic matrix: A bi-axial instrument for measuring body image in men and women. In T. S. Olds, J. Dollman, & K. I. Norton (Eds.), Kinanthropometry VI. Sydney: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
Hale, B. D., Roth, A. D., Delong, R. E., y Briggs, M. S. (2010). Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body Image, 7, 234-239. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.001
Jackson, A. y Pollock, M. (1978).Generalized equations for predicting body density in man.British Journal Nutrition, 40, 497-504.
Kelly, C. C., Neufeld, J. M., y Musher-Eizenman, D. (2010). Drive for thinness and drive for muscularity: Opposite ends of the continuum or separate constructs?. Body Image, 7, 74-77. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.09.008
Kouri, E., Pope, H., Katz, D., y Oliva, P. (1995). Fat-Free Mass index in Users and Nonusers of Anabolic-Androgenic. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 223-228.doi: 10.1097/00042752-199510000-00003
Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., Stewart, A., & Carter, L. (2006). International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. ISAK: Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Menees, L. M. (2010). Examining the Relationship between Criticism and Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomotology in Collegiate Men. Master Theses and Specialist Projects. Paper, 179. Recuperado de: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/179.
Moreno, R., Moreno, J. A., y Cervelló, E. (2009). Relación del autoconcepto físico con las conductas de consumo de alcohol y tabaco en jóvenes adolescentes. Adicciones, 21(2), 147-154.
Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Hildebrant, T., Karlov, L., Rusell, J., Boon, E., Dawson, R.T., y Touyz, S.W. (2012).A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. Body Image, 9, 193-200.doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.008
Olivardia, R., Pope, H.G., Borowiecki III, J.J., Cohane, G.H. (2004). Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, (5)2, 112-120.
Ruíz de Azúa, S., Goñi, A., y Rodríguez, A. (2005). Variables socioculturales en la construcción del autoconcepto físico. Cultura y Educación, 17(3), 225-338.
Sokolova, M. V., González-Martí, I., Contreras, O. R., y Fernández, J. G., (2013). A Case Study of Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Diagnostics. Expert Systems with Applications. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2013.01.023
Urpadilleta, I., Aspalov, D., Masse, L., & Docteur, A. (2010). Use of a picture distortion technique to examine perceptive and ideal body image in male and female competitive swimmers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 568-573.
Wilson, S. A. (2010). The Effects of Picture Presentation on Male Body Shame and Muscle Dysmorphia. Master Theses and Specialist Projects. Papers, 141. Recuperado de: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/141.
Wolke, D., & Saupona, M. (2008). Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 595–604. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.002