Relación entre perfil antropométrico, VO2max y potencia en ciclistas de ruta y pista; una revisión narrativa.
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Capacidades como resistencia, fuerza y velocidad son protagonistas en el desempeño del ciclismo y el impacto que pueda generar la antropometría del individuo sobre este deporte, debe considerarse como estrategia para el entrenamiento. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el perfil antropométrico y el rendimiento en ciclistas de pista y ruta, con un enfoque en cómo estas características se asocian con el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), la potencia tanto absoluta como relativa, y la eficiencia aerodinámica. Se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura en bases de datos académicas incluyendo PubMed, Scopus y Google Académico. La búsqueda se restringió a estudios publicados entre 1987 y 2022 para asegurar la inclusión de investigaciones actuales. Se revisaron artículos en inglés y en español para abarcar la mayor cantidad posible de literatura disponible sobre el tema. En total, se analizaron 24 artículos que proporcionaron una visión comprensiva de las variables antropométricas y su influencia en el rendimiento de los ciclistas. Para ciclistas de pista, el desarrollo de masa muscular en las piernas es fundamental para generar la potencia explosiva en Sprint y pruebas cortas, requiriendo ejercicios de alta intensidad. En cambio, para ciclistas de ruta, un alto VO2max y bajo porcentaje de grasa corporal son claves para el rendimiento en pruebas largas, y es crucial combinar entrenamientos aeróbicos con estrategias para mejorar la relación potencia-peso y la eficiencia aerodinámica.
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