Investigation of aggression and happiness level in parents of 8-11 years old children playing sports
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of the study is to determine the rates of aggression and happiness of the parents of three groups of 8-11 year old children who do athletics, martial arts and no sports. The sample of the study consisted of the parents of 8-11 year old children in primary and middle school in Turkey. For the evaluation, normality test, T-test for pairwise comparisons, ANOVA for multiple comparisons and correlation analysis were used to determine the relationship between two variables. The results showed that the relationship between aggression and happiness levels was statistically significant at α=0.05 significance level, although it was a very weak and negative relationship. Among the demographic variables, there was a significant difference between the number of children of the parents and the sports branch in which the children were interested and the level of happiness (p<.05). There was no significant difference between the demographic variables of marriage duration and income level of the parents and happiness level. There was no significant difference between the level of aggression and demographic variables. As a result, it can be concluded that parents who are interested in athletics and have only one child are happier. Also, it is an expected result that happy parents are not aggressive.
Keywords:
Downloads
Article Details
References
Akdoğan, B., ve Yalçın, S. B. (2018). The Predıctıon Of Subjectıve Well-Beıng By Psychologıcal Resılıence And Conflıct Resolutıon Behavıor In Hıgh School Students. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, (46), 174-197. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.370587
Badri, M.A., Al Nuaimi, A., Guang, Y., Al Sheryani, Y., & Al Rashedi, A. (2018). The effects of home and school on children’s happiness: a structural equation model. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-018-0056-z
Black, M.M.; Walker, S.P.; Fernald, L.C.; Andersen, C.T.; DiGirolamo, A.M.; Lu, C.; McCoy, D.C.; Fink, G.; Shawar, Y.R. & Shiffman, J. (2017) Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. Lancet. 389, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31389-7
Bourdieu Pierre. La force du droit. In: Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Vol. 64, septembre 1986. pp. 3-19. doi : 10.3406/arss.1986.2332
Cabrera, R., & Silva, M. (2024). The bright side of sports: A systematic review on well-being, positive emotions, and performance. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-00891-2
Charbonneau, E.F. & Camiré, M. (2020) Parental involvement in sport and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs: Perspectives from parent–child dyads. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 18, 655–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570533
Çelik, O. (2016). Investigation of Psychological Well-Being Perceived Social Competence and Trustworthiness in Prospective Teachers. (Master Thesis). Erzincan University, Erzincan.
Demirtaş Zorbaz, S., & Korkut Owen, F. (2013). Developing Family Relationship Scale for Children. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.65675
Doğan, T., & Akıncı Çötok, N. (2011). Adaptation of the Short Form of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(36), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.94477
Dorsch, T.E. & Smith, A.L.; Dotterer, A.M. (2016) Individual, relationship, and context factors associated with parent support and pressure in organized youth sport. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 23, 132–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.12.003
Elliott, S. K., & Drummond, M. J. N. (2016). During play, the break, and the drive home: The meaning of parental verbal behaviour in youth sport. Leisure Studies. doi: 10.1080/02614367.2016.1250804
Eratlı Şirin, Y., Olca, G. ve Bahçivan, İ. (2021). Relationship of Coach-Athlete Stress Stressors and Media Stress Sources with Mental Endurance in Adult Athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences Researches, 6(2), 307-321.
Erkoç B, Lotfi S, Zafer Danış M. (2021), A study to determine the relationship between family fit, cherophobia and psychological well-being. Archives Health Science Research, 8(3):175-181. DOI: 10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2021.21037
Esentürk O. (2014). Investigation of Motivation and Aggression Levels of Athletic Students Studying at High School Level and Participating in Inter-School Sports Competitions. Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching Master's Thesis, Ankara.
Gershoff, E.T. & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016) Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. J. Fam. Psychol. 30, 453. https://doi.org/10.1037%2Ffam0000191
Grzywacz, R., Przednowek, K.; Ba˛k, R. & Niewczas, M. (2016) Effect of eastern martial arts on bringing up and behaviour of children and adolescents in the opinion of sensei and parents or caregivers. Arch. Budo, 14, 20.
Gürer B. Ve Karakuzulu Çarba E. (2023), Investigation of Aggression Levels of Defense and Combat Sports Athletes and Other Individual Sports Athletes, Ed. Fatih Hazar, Physical Education and Sports Research 2023-I, Efeakademi Publications.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1071–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
Izzo F, Baiocco R, Pistella J.(2022). Children's and Adolescents' Happiness and Family Functioning: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Dec 10;19(24):16593. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416593.
İşgör, İ. Y. (2017). Investigating Psychological Well-Beıng Of Unıversity Students In Terms Of Some Variables. International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education (TEKE), 6(1), 494-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.7884/teke.3821
Jin, B. K., & Ahn, H. Y. (2019). Factors Influencing the Happiness of Late School-aged Children: A Focus on Family Strength and Self-control. Child health nursing research, 25(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.3.245
Karataş, Z., Yavuzer, Y., & Gündoğdu, R. (2019). Beliren Yetişkinlikte Saldırganlık: Kişisel ve Ailesel Risk Faktörleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.516925
Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C.E., ve Sheldon, K.M., (2004). “Materialistic Values: Their Causes and Consequences”, In T. Kasser, A.D.Kanner (Eds), Psychology and Consumer Culture: The Struggle for a Good Life in a Materialistic World, American Psychological Association, Washington, 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjso.12176
Kauklainen, A., Salmlvalli, C., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., Lahtinen, A., Kostamo, A., ve Lagerspetz, K. (2001). Overt and covert aggression in work settings in relation to the subjective well-being of employees. Aggressive Behavior, 27(5), 360-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.1021.abs
Kocatürk, R. (1982). The effect of aggression motive on career choice in sports and education, Unpublished Master's Thesis Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences. Ankara.
Küçükköse İsmail (2015), “Violence against women in Turkey: Causes, protection, prevention and intervention services”, Journal of Dicle University Institute of Social Sciences, C.7, S.13: 194-209.
Lantz, J. (2002) Family development and the martial arts: A phenomenological study. Contemp. Fam. Ther. 24, 565–580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021221112826
Leo, F. M., Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Sánchez-Olivia, D., Amado, A., & García-Calvo, T. (2015). Motivational climate created by other significant actors and antisocial behaviors in youth sport. Kinesiology, 47(1), 3–10.
Marçal, K.E. (2021) Pathways to adolescent emotional and behavioral problems: An examination of maternal depression and harsh parenting. Child Abus. Negl. 113, 104917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104917
Mickelsson, T.B. & Stylin, P. (2021) Integrating Rough-and-Tumble Play in Martial Arts: A Practitioner’s Model. Front. Psychol. 12, 4170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731000
Miller, S. L., & Chen, J. (2022). Parenting stress and happiness: The moderating role of children's extracurricular activities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 31(3), 902-914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02156-5
Milovanović, I., Gentile, A., Gutović, T., Kezić, A., Matošić, D., Kreivytė, R., ... Drid, P. (2020). Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior Occurrence in Young Athletes: Field Research Results in Six European Countries. Sustainability, 12(12), 5085. doi:10.3390/su12125085
Özdevecioğlu, M., Sucan, S., & Akın, M. (2016). The Effect of Perceived Organizational Justice on Burnout: The Role of Participation in Physical Activities. International Journal of Alanya Business School, 6(3).
Park, J.M., Ostler, T. & Fertig, A. (2015) Physical and psychological aggression towards a child among homeless, doubled-up, and other low-income families. J. Soc. Serv. Res. 41, 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2015.1018660
Satir, V. (2001). Yeniden insan olmak. S. Yeniçeri (Çev.). (2.Cilt) Beyaz Yayınları İstanbul.
Schwebel, F. J., Smith, R. E., & Smoll, F. L. (2016). Measurement of perceived parental success standards in sport and relations with athletes’ self-esteem, performance anxiety, and achievement goal orientation: Comparing parental and coach influences. Child Development Research, Article ID 7056075. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7056075
Shek, D. T. L. (2001). Chinese adolescents and their parents’ views on a happy family: Implications for family therapy. Family Therapy, 28(2), 73–104.
Sımsıkı, H. & Şendil, G. (2014) Development Of Father Involvement Scale (Fıs), Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 13(49), 104-123. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.23977
Straus, M.A. & Carolyn, J.F (2003). Psychological aggression by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, and severity. J. Marriage Fam. 65, 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00795.x
TDK (2024) Spor (erişim adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/ ) erişim tarihi 05.04.2024.
Thompson, R. A., & Jenkins, L. M. (2023). The influence of children's sports participation on parental well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000901
Timperio, A. F., van Stralen, M. M., Brug, J., Bere, E., Chinapaw, M. J., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., ... te Velde, S. J. (2013). Direct and indirect associations between the family physical activity environment and sports participation among 10–12 year-old European children: Testing the EnRG framework in the ENERGY project. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 1–10. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-15
Tuzgöl, M. (1998), Investigation of Aggression Levels of High School Students with Different Parental Attitudes in Terms of Various Variables. Master's Thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
Uluöz, T. (2022). Determination Of Parents Views On The Role Of Basketball And The Personality Development Of Children. Journal of Advanced Education Studies, 4(2), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.48166/ejaes.1142696
Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., and Drane, J. W. (2001). Relationship between life satisfaction and violent behaviors among adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(4), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.25.4.1
Wang, M.; Wang, X. & Li, L. (2016) Paternal and maternal psychological and physical aggression and children’s anxiety in China. Child Abus. Negl. 51, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.018
Wang, M. & Liu, L (2018). Reciprocal relations between harsh discipline and children’s externalizing behavior in China: A 5-year longitudinal study. Child Dev. 89, 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12724
Waters, L. (2020). Using positive psychology interventions to strengthen family happiness: A family systems approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(5), 645–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1789704
Wheeler, S. (2012). The significance of family culture for sports participation. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(2), 235–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902114031
Yesu, L. & Harwood, E. A. (2015). The effects of parental involvement, support, and pressure on athletic participation. Rivier Academic Journal, 11(1), 1–11.
Yurttaş, H. (2016). Investigation of aggression levels of university students who do and do not do sports. (Master's Thesis). Atatürk University Institute of Educational Sciences, Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Erzurum.
Zeng, H.Z. & Yang, Y. (2021) Participation motivations and related elements of collegiate Martial arts athletes from Central China regional. J. Phys. Educ. Sport, 21, 1567–1579. DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.03199