Main Article Content

Mark Anthony B. Rosario
Far Eastern University, Philippines
Philippines
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026), Original papers, pages 1-25

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2026.12.2.12610
Submitted: 2025-09-06 Published: 2026-04-01
Copyright How to Cite

Abstract

This study investigated the dedication of university athletes in Metro Manila to high-performance sport, emphasizing training, diet, and recovery habits in connection to perceived performance outcomes. A researcher-created questionnaire was distributed to 788 student-athletes from multiple colleges, employing a quantitative, descriptive-correlational design. The tool received validation from sports science professionals and demonstrated high reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.82 to 0.88. The analysis employed descriptive statistics and Pearson’s r correlation. The results demonstrated a significant commitment to training activities (M = 3.42), especially to organized routines such as strength and conditioning, sport-specific drills, and competition-oriented regimens. The commitment to nutritional behaviors was moderate (M = 3.03), with limited systematic meal planning and professional nutritional advice. Recovery practices demonstrated a modest level of dedication (M = 3.18), highlighting the importance of stretching and rest days, however professional recovery services were inadequately utilized. Correlation analysis indicated robust positive associations between perceived performance outcomes and training (r = 0.655), recuperation (r = 0.878), and nutrition (r = 0.942), with nutrition identified as the most significant predictor. These findings underscore the necessity of incorporating structured nutrition programs, systematic monitoring, and evidence-based recovery measures to improve university sports performance

Article Details

References

Abbey, E. L., Wright, C. J., & Kirkpatrick, C. M. (2021). Nutrition practices and knowledge among collegiate athletes: A scoping review. Nutrients, 13(7), 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072273

Allado, E., Ankri, M., Khiami, F., Tamgho, T., Hamroun, A., Proença Lopes, C., Poussel, M., & Chenuel, B. (2021). Case Report: Stress Fracture in an International Triple Jumper: Importance of an Integrated Care Approach Which Also Incorporates Biomechanics. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 683691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.683691

Amawi, A., AlKasasbeh, W., Jaradat, M., Almasri, A., Alobaidi, S., Hammad, A. A., Bishtawi, T., Fataftah, B., Turk, N., Saoud, H. A., Jarrar, A., & Ghazzawi, H. (2024). Athletes' nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements. Frontiers in nutrition, 10, 1331854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854

Anousaki, E., Zaras, N., Stasinaki, A. N., Panidi, I., Terzis, G., & Karampatsos, G. (2021). Effects of a 25-Week Periodized Training Macrocycle on Muscle Strength, Power, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Well-Trained Track and Field Throwers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 35(10), 2728–2736. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004098

Bratsman, A., Wassef, A. W., Wassef, C. R., Jayaram, P., Mosely, J. B., & Shybut, T. B. (2021). Epidemiology of NCAA Bone Stress Injuries: A Comparison of Athletes in Divisions I, II, and III. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9 (7). https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211014496

Chaillou, T., Treigyte, V., Mosely, S. et al. (2022). Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise. Sports Med - Open 8, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00428-9

Charest, J., & Grandner, M. A. (2020). Sleep and Athletic Performance: Impacts on Physical Performance, Mental Performance, Injury Risk and Recovery, and Mental Health. Sleep medicine clinics, 15(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.005

Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Ramos-Campo, D. J., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Parraca, J. A., & Batalha, N. (2021). The Effect of Periodization on Training Program Adherence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412973

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

Cunha, L. A., Costa, J. A., Marques, E. A., Brito, J., Lastella, M., & Figueiredo, P. (2023). The Impact of Sleep Interventions on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports medicine - open, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00599-z

D’Amico, E., Grosso, G., Nieves, J. W., Zanghì, A., Factor-Litvak, P., & Mitsumoto, H. (2021). Metabolic Abnormalities, Dietary Risk Factors and Nutritional Management in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Nutrients, 13(7), 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072273

De Jesus, M. J. R. M. ., Fabian, L. N. ., Javeluna, J. C. ., Laquimin, S. D. ., Cayanan, C. M. D. ., & Dizon, S. G. . (2023). Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Habits of Student-Athletes in a State University: Towards a Contextualized Nutrition Education Plan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(9), 3141-3163. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.09.08

Dhiman, C., & Kapri, B.C. (2023) Optimizing Athletic Performance and Post-Exercise Recovery: The Significance of Carbohydrates and Nutrition. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(2), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230907

Doherty, R., Madigan, S. M., Nevill, A., Warrington, G., & Ellis, J. G. (2021). The Sleep and Recovery Practices of Athletes. Nutrients, 13(4), 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041330

Dupuy, O., Douzi, W., Theurot, D., Bosquet, L., & Dugué, B. (2018). An Evidence-Based Approach for Choosing Post-exercise Recovery Techniques to Reduce Markers of Muscle Damage, Soreness, Fatigue, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 403. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00403

Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149

Gavel, E. H., Rae, S., & Logan-Sprenger, H. M. (2024). Fluid balance of female para hockey players during simulated competition. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1479879

Gulanes , A. A. ., Fadare, S. A. . ., Pepania, J. E. ., & Hanima, C. O. . (2024). Preventing Sports Injuries: A Review of Evidence-Based Strategies and Interventions. Salud, Ciencia Y Tecnología, 4, 951. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024951

Haller, N., Strepp, T., & Stöggl, T. (2024). The puzzle of monitoring training load in winter sports - A hard nut to crack? . Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 9(3), 008. https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.3ciss008

Hayashi, R., Yoshida, T., & Kariyama, Y. (2023). Comparison of Joint-Level Kinetics During Single-Leg and Double-Leg Weightlifting Derivatives. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 37(5), 1017-1022. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004355

Kenefick R. W. (2018). Drinking Strategies: Planned Drinking Versus Drinking to Thirst. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(Suppl 1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0844-6

Kerksick, C.M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B.J. et al. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14, 33.

Kupperman, N., Curtis, M. A., Saliba, S. A., & Hertel, J. (2021). Quantification of workload and wellness measures in a women’s collegiate volleyball season. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 702419. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.702419

Lakićević N. (2019). The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Recovery Following Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 4(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4030041

Lee, K. M., Dias, G. M., Boluk, K., Scott, S., Chang, Y. S., Williams, T. E., & Kirkpatrick, S. I. (2021). Toward a Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable Campus Food Environment: A Scoping Review of Postsecondary Food Interventions. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 12(5), 1996–2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab026

Li, X., Braakhuis, A., Li, Z., & Roy, R. (2022). How Does the University Food Environment Impact Student Dietary Behaviors? A Systematic Review. Frontiers in nutrition, 9, 840818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.840818

Martín-Rodríguez, A., Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martínez-Guardado, I., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024). Advances in Understanding the Interplay between Dietary Practices, Body Composition, and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients, 16(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040571

Nobari, H., Vahabidelshad, R., Pérez-Gómez, J., & Ardigò, L. P. (2021). Variations of training workload in micro- and meso-cycles based on position in elite young soccer players: A competition season study. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article 668145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.668145

Ortiz, R. O., Jr, Sinclair Elder, A. J., Elder, C. L., & Dawes, J. J. (2019). A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Active Recovery Interventions on Athletic Performance of Professional-, Collegiate-, and Competitive-Level Adult Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 33(8), 2275–2287. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002589

Quijano Jr, R., Dela Cruz, L. D., Dela Cruz, J. R. A., & Hooi, L. B. (2022). Relationships of the Student-Athletes’ Hydration Awareness, Perspectives & Practices with the Outcome of Competition. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5048

Schober, P., Boer, C., Schwarte, & Lothar A. (2018). Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia 126(5):p 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864

Suppiah, H. T., Ng, E. L., Wee, J., Taim, B. C., Huynh, M., Gastin, P. B., Chia, M., Low, C. Y., & Lee, J. K. W. (2021). Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement Strategies of High-Performance Adolescent Athletes: An Application of Machine Learning to Distinguish Hydration Characteristics. Nutrients, 13(11), 4073. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114073

Taber, K. S. (2017). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

Taherdoost, H. (2018). Sampling methods in research methodology: How to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 10(2), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035

Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006

Toon, A., Bailey, S., & Roelands, B. (2023). Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Athletic Performance. Nutrients, 15(21), 4498. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214498

Torres-Ronda, L., Beanland, E., Whitehead, S., Sweeting, A., & Clubb, J. (2022). Tracking systems in team sports: A narrative review of applications of the data and sport-specific analysis. Sports Medicine – Open, 8, Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z

Trizano-Hermosilla, I., & Alvarado, J. M. (2016). Best Alternatives to Cronbach's Alpha Reliability in Realistic Conditions: Congeneric and Asymmetrical Measurements. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00769

Walsh, N. P., Halson, S. L., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., Nédélec, M., Gupta, L., Leeder, J., Fullagar, H. H., Coutts, A. J., Edwards, B. J., Pullinger, S. A., Robertson, C. M., Burniston, J. G., Lastella, M., Le Meur, Y., Hausswirth, C., Bender, A. M., Grandner, M. A., & Samuels, C. H. (2020). Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. British journal of sports medicine, bjsports-2020-102025. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025

Walts, C. T., Murphy, S. M., Stearne, D. J., Rieger, R. H., & Clark, K. P. (2021). Effects of a Flexible Workout System on Performance Gains in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 35(5), 1187–1193. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004031

Wang, L., Meng, Q., & Su, C.-H. (2024). From Food Supplements to Functional Foods: Emerging Perspectives on Post-Exercise Recovery Nutrition. Nutrients, 16(23), 4081. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234081

Weakley, J., Cowley, N., Schoenfeld, B.J. et al. The Effect of Feedback on Resistance Training Performance and Adaptations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 53, 1789–1803 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01877-2

Wilson, S.M.B., Gooderick, J., Driller, M.W. et al. (2025). Sleep Health in the Student-Athlete: A Narrative Review of Current Research and Future Directions. Curr Sleep Medicine Rep 11, 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-025-00341-z

Witard, O.C., Hearris, M. & Morgan, P.T. (2025). Protein Nutrition for Endurance Athletes: A Metabolic Focus on Promoting Recovery and Training Adaptation. Sports Med 55, 1361–1376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8