Comparative analysis of three energy drink consumption timings on front crawl performance of collegiate swimmers
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aimed to compare three energy drink timings on the front crawl performance of 60 collegiate swimmers selected through purposive sampling. Specifically, participants consist of 30 females (50%) and 30 males (50%) equally distributed across three groups—Group 30, Group 40, and Group 1h—each containing ten females (16.67%) and ten males (16.67%), making up 33.33% of the total participants per group. Group 30 includes the participants who have 30 minutes of energy drink consumption timing prior to the testing. Group 40 has 40 minutes of energy drink consumption timing. Lastly, Group 1h includes the participants with an hour as their consumption timing. The study's instrument consists of a time trial of 50m, 800m, and 1500m front crawl performance recorded using a handheld stopwatch. The data gathering commenced after 30 hours of caffeine cessation for the participants. After this, each participant consumed a commercially available energy drink. The different energy drink consumption timings were implemented before administering the front crawl performances. Another 30 hours were observed to wash out the effects of the prior testing. The second testing commenced with the same protocol until the three front crawl performances were done. The data from the time trials were analyzed for differences through the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The between-group comparison of all participants for front crawl performance showed no significant differences in 50m, 800m, or 1500m events (P > .05). Similarly, male participants exhibited no significant differences across groups in all events, with P values for 50m, 800m, and 1500m events being (.90), (.17), and (.35), respectively. Female participants also showed no significant differences between groups, with P values of (.69), (.65), and (.31) for the 50m, 800m, and 1500m events, respectively. The study found no significant difference in the effects of consuming energy drinks at 30 minutes, 40 minutes, and 1 hour on 50m, 800m, and 1500m front crawl swimming performance, regardless of the swimmers' sex. Future studies were suggested to replicate the study for validation.
Keywords:
Downloads
Article Details
References
Addicott, M., & Laurienti, P. (2009). A comparison of the effects of caffeine following abstinence and normal caffeine use. Psychopharmacology, 207, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1668-3
Arazi, H., Najafdari, A., & Eghbali, E. (2016). Effect of Big Bear energy drink on performance indicators, blood lactate levels and rating of perceived exertion in elite adolescent female swimmers. Progress in Nutrition, 18, 403-410.
Arent, S. M., Cintineo, H. P., McFadden, B. A., Chandler, A. J., & Arent, M. A. (2020). Nutrient Timing: A Garage Door of Opportunity? Nutrients, 12(7), 1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071948
Barbosa, T. M., Chen, S., Morais, J. E., Costa, M. J., & Batalha, N. (2018). The changes in classical and nonlinear parameters after a maximal bout to elicit fatigue in competitive swimming. Human Movement Science, 58, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.12.010
Bixler, B., Pease, D., & Fairhurst, F. (2014). The accuracy of computational fluid dynamics analysis of the passive drag of a male swimmer. Sports Biomechanics, 6(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140608522859
Brown, J., & Smith, L. (2021). Hormonal fluctuations and their impact on caffeine metabolism in women. Journal of Sports Medicine, 58(4), 334-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2021.02.014
Buxton, C., & Hagan, J. (2012). A survey of energy drinks consumption practices among student-athletes in Ghana: Lessons for developing health education intervention programmes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9, 9-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-9
Chaudhry, S., Iqbal, S., Kareem, M. A., Amanat, A., & Fatima, J. (2022). Effect of energy drinks consumption on physical performance: Beneficial and adverse impact on health. South Asian Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjps.2022.v04i02.001
Chtourou, H., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Shephard, R., & Bragazzi, N. (2019). Acute effects of an “energy drink” on short-term maximal performance, reaction times, psychological and physiological parameters: Insights from a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover trial. Nutrients, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050992
Cohen, R. C., Cleary, P. W., Harrison, S. M., Mason, B. R., & Pease, D. L. (2014). Pitching effects of buoyancy during four competitive swimming strokes. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 30(5), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2013-0260
Cornis, S., McBreairty, L. E., Chilibeck, P., & Zello, G. (2016). Fat metabolism during exercise and dietary interventions for enhancing fat metabolism and athletic performance. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 59(2), 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.023
Décombaz, J., Schmitt, B., Ith, M., Decarli, B., Diem, P., Kreis, R., Hoppeler, H., & Boesch, C. (2001). Postexercise fat intake repletes intramyocellular lipids but no faster in trained than in sedentary subjects. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281(3), R760–R769. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.3.R760
Droste, N., Tonner, L., Zinkiewicz, L., Pennay, A., Lubman, D. I., & Miller, P. (2014). Combined alcohol and energy drink use: motivations as predictors of consumption patterns, risk of alcohol dependence, and experience of injury and aggression. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(7), 2087–2095. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12438
El-Sabban, F. (2016). Energy drinks and human body physiology. MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 2, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJAP.2016.2.00058
Fernández-Campos, C., Dengo, A. L., & Moncada-Jiménez, J. (2015). Acute Consumption of an Energy Drink Does Not Improve Physical Performance of Female Volleyball Players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(3), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0101
Galloway, S., Lott, M. E. J., & Toulouse, L. C. (2014). Preexercise carbohydrate feeding and high-intensity exercise capacity: Effects of timing of intake and carbohydrate concentration. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(3), 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0119
George, A. B., & Westneat, M. W. (2019). Functional morphology of endurance swimming performance and gait transition strategies in balistoid fishes. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(Pt 8), jeb194704. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.194704
Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., & Varillas-Delgado, D. (2021). Energy drinks and sports performance, cardiovascular risk, and genetic associations; future prospects. Nutrients, 13(3), Article 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030715
Harty, P. S., Stratton, M. T., Escalante, G., Rodriguez, C., Dellinger, J. R., Williams, A. D., White, S. J., Smith, R. W., Johnson, B. A., Sanders, M. B., & Tinsley, G. M. (2020). Effects of Bang® Keto Coffee Energy Drink on Metabolism and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00374-5
Helge, J. W., Watt, P. W., Richter, E. A., Rennie, M. J., & Kiens, B. (2001). Fat utilization during exercise: Adaptation to a fat‐rich diet increases utilization of plasma fatty acids and very low-density lipoprotein‐triacylglycerol in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 537(1), 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.01009.x
Hetzler, R., Stickley, C., Lundquist, K., & Kimura, I. (2008). Reliability and accuracy of handheld stopwatches compared with electronic timing in measuring sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22, 1969-1976. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318185f36c
Hoffman, J. (2007). Protein intake: Effect of timing. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 29(3), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2007)29[26:PIEOT]2.0.CO;2
Hutchison, A. (2022). The Swim Prescription: How Swimming Can Improve Your Mood, Restore Health, Increase Physical Fitness and Revitalize Your Life. Hatherleigh Press.
International Society of Sports Nutrition. (2018). ISSN position stand: Caffeine and performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0245-4
Ivy, J. L., Kammer, L., Ding, Z., Wang, B., Bernard, J. R., Liao, Y. H., & Hwang, J. (2009). Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.19.1.61
Jacobson, B., Hester, G., Palmer, T., Williams, K., Pope, Z., Sellers, J., Conchola, E., Woolsey, C., & Estrada, C. (2018). Effect of energy drink consumption on power and velocity of selected sport performance activities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(6), 1613–1618. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002026
Jones, S. R., & Williams, K. (2018). Body composition differences and their effects on energy drink absorption. Journal of Applied Physiology, 125(6), 1547-1558. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00395.2018
Kjendlie, P. L., Pedersen, T., & Stallman, R. (2018). The effect of waves on the performance of five different swimming strokes. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 11, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01811010041
Kumar, N., Sharma, R., & Verma, P. (2020). Energy drinks and their ergogenic effects in males and females. Nutrition and Health, 26(5), 422-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260106020937481
Kumar, N., Srivastava, D., Tiwari, N., & Dwivedi, S. (2017). Effective time for consumption of preexercise energy drink to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 17, 79-81. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-6308.207575
Lara, B., Gonzalez-Millán, C., Salinero, J. J., Abian-Vicen, J., Areces, F., Barbero-Alvarez, J. C., Muñoz, V., Portillo, L. J., Gonzalez-Rave, J. M., & Del Coso, J. (2014). Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players. Amino Acids, 46(5), 1385–1392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1709-z
Madureira, D., Santana, J. O., Avelar, B., de Sousa Zocoler, C. A., Rodrigues, B., & Caperuto, É. C. (2016). Energy drinks do not improve Le Parkour performance: A randomized controlled study. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 7(4), 338-343.
Masagca, R. C. (2024a). The AI coach: A 5-week AI-generated calisthenics training program on health-related physical fitness components of untrained collegiate original article. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 20(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.55860/13v7e679
Masagca, R. C. E. (2024b). The effect of 10-week whole-body calisthenics training program on the muscular endurance of untrained collegiate students. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 19(4), 941-953. https://doi.org/10.55860/c9byhd85
Masagca, R. C. (2024c). Comparison of low-intensity steady state training versus high-intensity interval training on key health-related physical fitness components. Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 24(3), 488-498. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.03060
Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2014). Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: what are the risks? Nutrition Reviews, 72 Suppl 1(0 1), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12127
Matsuo, T., & Suzuki, M. (1999). Effects of dietary composition and exercise timing on substrate utilization and sympathoadrenal function in healthy young women. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 48(12), 1596–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90251-2
McConell, G. K., Kloot, K., & Hargreaves, M. (1996). Effect of timing of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(10), 1300-1304. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199610000-00014
McKenzie, M. R., McKean, M. R., Doyle, D. P., Hogarth, L. W., & Burkett, B. J. (2022). Swimming performance, physiology, and post-activation performance enhancement following dryland transition phase warmup: A systematic review. PLOS One, 17(8), e0273248. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273248
McKight, P., & Najab, J. (2010). Kruskal-Wallis test. The Encyclopedia of Research Design, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.CORPSY0491
McLellan, T., & Lieberman, H. (2012). Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? Nutrition Reviews, 70(12), 730-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00525.x
Moore, D. R. (2019). Maximizing Post-exercise Anabolism: The Case for Relative Protein Intakes. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00147
Morais, J. E., Barbosa, T. M., Bragada, J. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Marinho, D. A. (2023). Interaction of kinematic, kinetic, and energetic predictors of young swimmers’ speed. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(aop), 1-7.
Munteanu, C., Rosioru, C., Tarba, C., & Lang, C. (2018). Long-term consumption of energy drinks induces biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the heart muscle. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 19(5), 326–323. https://doi.org/10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2018.90094
Nowak, D., & Jasionowski, A. (2016). Analysis of consumption of energy drinks by a group of adolescent athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080768
Oglesby, L., Amrani, K., Wynveen, C., & Gallucci, A. (2018). Do energy drink consumers study more? Journal of Community Health, 43, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0386-8
Pereira, J. C., Lima, L. M., Alfenas, R. C., Guttierres, A. P. M., Sillero-Quintana, M., Teis, H. H. T., & Marins, J. C. B. (2022). Consumption of energy drinks on cardiovascular and metabolic response and performance. Is there an effect? Archivos de Medicina del Deporte, 39(208), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.18176/archmeddeporte.00094
Peveler, W., Sanders, G., Marczinski, C., & Holmer, B. (2017). Effects of energy drinks on economy and cardiovascular measures. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31, 882–887. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001553
Prins, P. J. (2015). The effect of energy drink ingestion on 5-km running performance in recreational endurance runners. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh).
Rica, R., Evangelista, A., Maia, A., Machado, A., Teixeira, C., Barbosa, W., Hacbart, F., Guerra, M., Ferreira, L., Gomes, J., Mendes, R., Miranda, J., Viana, M., Baker, J., & Bocalini, D. (2019). Energy drinks do not alter aerobic fitness assessment using field tests in healthy adults regardless of physical fitness status. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s1017
Sanders, R. H., Takagi, H., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2023). How technique modifications in elite 100m swimmers might improve front crawl performances to podium levels: Swimming ‘chariots of fire’. Sports Biomechanics, 22(12), 1532-1551.
Schoenfeld, B., Aragon, A., & Krieger, J. (2013). The effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-53
Schwager, L. E., Helwig, N. J., Rogers, E. M., Banks, N. F., Alpers, J. P., Schulte, S. L., ... & Jenkins, N. D. (2024). Novel energy drink improves cognitive function and mood, without influencing myocardial oxygen demand or ventricular repolarization in adult gamers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 43(1), 33-47.
Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3592
Simulescu, V., Ilia, G., Macarie, L., & Mergheș, P. (2019). Sport and energy drinks consumption before, during, and after training. Science & Sports, 34(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2018.10.002
Smith, M. A., & Johnson, R. E. (2019). Influence of sex hormones on the cardiovascular effects of caffeine. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 317(2), H345-H353. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00017.2019
Tambalis, K. D. (2022). The effect of electrolytes and energy drinks consumption on athletic performance – a narrative review. European Journal of Fitness, Nutrition and Sport Medicine Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejfnsm.v3i1.127
Viana, E., Bentley, D., & Logan-Sprenger, H. M. (2019). A physiological overview of the demands, characteristics, and adaptations of highly trained artistic swimmers: A literature review. Sports Medicine - Open, 5, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0190-3
Wang, J., Wei, C., Peng, Y., Wang, H., Hung, C., Hong, Y., Liou, Y., & Hou, C. (2022). Does caffeinated energy drink consumption affect endurance performance? Frontiers in Physiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.999811
Zileli, R., Şemşek, Ö., Baldirlioğlu, A., Tunçeli, B., & Ip, E. (2019). Effect of the energy drink “Red Bull” on the amateur football players’ aerobic and anaerobic performances. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i3.3971