Fatores associados ao esgotamento parental: o papel do género dos pais e da idade e do género dos filhos
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https://doi.org/10.17979/reipe.2026.13.1.12583Resumo
A síndrome de esgotamento parental é um fenómeno em crescimento nos países ocidentais. Embora existam amplas evidências das suas consequências nefastas, é necessária mais investigação sobre os fatores sociodemográficos associados à síndrome. Neste sentido, o presente estudo analisa o potencial explicativo de ser mãe ou pai, de ter um filho ou uma filha, e de o/a filho/a estar a frequentar o ensino básico ou o ensino secundário obrigatório, sobre cada um dos sintomas centrais do esgotamento parental: exaustão, desânimo, distanciamento emocional e contraste com o eu parental anterior. A amostra é composta por 396 pais e mães (75% mães e 25% pais), selecionados por amostragem por conveniência. Relativamente ao nível de ensino, a distribuição indicada pelas mães foi muito homogénea no ensino básico e no ensino secundário obrigatório, enquanto que 72% dos pais referiram ter filhos no ensino secundário. A distribuição por género dos filhos foi uniforme. Como instrumento de medição, foi utilizada a adaptação validada para o contexto espanhol do Parental Burnout Inventory. Foram distribuídos códigos QR que davam acesso aos questionários em formato digital. Verificaram-se níveis significativamente mais elevados de esgotamento, desânimo e contraste com o eu parental anterior associados ao facto de ser mãe, ter um filho do sexo masculino e ter um filho a frequentar o ensino básico. Da mesma forma, ser mãe e ter um filho no ensino básico são preditores significativos desta sintomatologia. Estas conclusões sugerem a conveniência de conceber políticas educativas que promovam a coparentalidade e as competências para gerir o stress parental.
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